Needs of Special Offenders free essay sample

The Needs of Special offenders Inmates with special needs, the mentally ill, and the substance abusing inmates all make up a large number of the prison population. These inmates affect the prison systems in different ways. Providing programs for the mentally ill inmates is extremely difficult for correctional staff. A very high percentage of inmates in the prison system have a mental illness. The demands for security for these inmates can be very challenging to program efforts. Correctional agencies are not equipped to provide mental health programs to the inmates to the same extent as mental health agencies. Mental health programs are critical to the accomplishment of the correctional facility. Correctional facilities provide multileveled and integrative programs to the mentally ill inmates. Without treatment the mentally ill inmates will be unable to prepare for release and they will not be able to reenter the community. The correctional mental health program must be effective in transitioning the inmate back to the community. We will write a custom essay sample on Needs of Special Offenders or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Prior to release, the prison and post release staff ensure that the inmate will receive the proper treatment from the community mental health programs. Substance abuse programs is a must have in a correctional environment because a high number of inmates have a history of alcohol or drug abuse. Fifty-three percent of state inmates and 45. 5 percent of federal prison inmates were classified as having an alcohol or drug abuse dependency. Substance abuse treatment in prisons is critically important, as the Office of National Drug Control Policy reports that treatment while in prison and during postincarceration supervision can reduce recidivism by roughly 50 percent. Historically however, the treatment needs of drug abusing inmates has gone unmet while they are in prison. In a 1991 study by the U. S. General Accounting Office, it was estimated that fewer than 20 percent of identified substance abusers were enrolled in a prison substance abuse program. In a 1998 report, only 24 percent of state inmates were estimated to receive treatment over the course of a year. 5 The percentage of inmates receiving treatment has improved over the past decade. †(Corrections: An Introduction, Third Edition, CH 13. Pg 444) Residential treatment for substance abuse is the most effective type of treatment because it is the most intensive and the inmates live in a unit that is completely focused on substance abuse treatment. Residential treatment is the most expensive but, only 3. 3 percent of the inmates treated in a residential environment, were rearrested within the first six months of release. If the special needs of the mentally ill inmates do not get met and do not get cared for properly, the inmates will not get the proper care they need. The mentally ill inmates will be released back to the streets in the same condition they were in upon entry. If the needs of these inmates do not get addressed, it will defeat the entire purpose behind the mission of corrections, rehabilitation. The mentally ill inmates and the inmates with special needs will cause disruption amongst the prison, this will cause disturbances between the inmates and the security staff. This will cause injuries to the staff and inmates. The inmates that have substance abusive problems will seek the means in acquiring drugs and alcohol from the other inmates and security staff, in order to satisfy their addiction. Inside the correctional facilities is a mental health treatment program. The mental healt treatment programs play a critical role in rehabilitation of the offender, the better the treatment, the less likely the offender will be likely to commit the crime again. Mental health programs have a continuum of care in order to provide various levels of care based on the needs of every inmate treated. The most intensive level is the inpatient hospital inside of the facility. The inpatient treatment is for the inmate with needs for aggressive treatment. The facility has short term crisis units that stabilize symptoms and send inmate back to general population when treated. The third unit is a residential unit that treats the inmate in a general population setting so the inmates still interact with other inmates.

Spanish Phrases That Refer to Foods

Spanish Phrases That Refer to Foods Just because a Spanish phrase includes a word for a type of food doesnt mean it has anything to do with food - just as the phrase eye candy isnt meant to satisfy a sweet tooth. Below are more than a dozen examples of such phrases and idioms. Note that many of the translations arent literal but are colloquial, as are most of the Spanish phrases. Chocolate (Chocolate) In English, you may give a foe a taste of her own medicine, but in Spanish you can give her soup made from her own chocolate, sopa de su propio chocolate. There is also a Spanish equivalent of the medicine metaphor, una cuchara de su propia medicina, a spoon of her own medicine. Los Mets le dieron a los Cachorros sopa de su propio chocolate al barrerles la serie de cuatro juegos. (The Mets gave the Cachorros a taste of their own medicine by sweeping the series in four games.) Harina (Flour) Ser harina de otro  costal, to be the wheat from a different bag, means to be something unrelated to what is being discussed. La carrera de Cameron hoy est en riesgo, pero eso es harina de otro costal. (Camerons career is at risk today, but thats another matter entirely.) Jugo (Juice) To remove the juice from someone, sacar el jugo a alguien, or remove the juice from something, sacar el jugo a algo, is to get the greatest benefit from a person, thing, or activity. El entrenador le saca el jugo a los jugadores. (The coach gets the most out of his players.) Lechuga (Lettuce) Someone who is fresco como una lechuga (fresh as a head of lettuce) is someone who is healthy, alert and in control of him- or herself. Possible similar phrases in English include cool as a cucumber and fresh as a daisy. Estaba fresca como una lechuga, sonriente y dispuesta a hablar con quien se le acercara. (She was all ready to go, smiling and inclined to speak with anyone who approached her.) Manzana (Apple) A bone of contention, something that becomes the focus of a dispute, is a manzana de (la) discordia, an apple of discord. The phrase comes from the Golden Apple of Discord in Greek mythology. Siria es la manzana de la discordia en las negociaciones de paz. (Syria is the sticking point in the peace negotiations.) Pan (Bread) We think of someone in prison as living on bread and water, a pan y agua. In Spanish, the phrase often refers to a strict diet, and sometimes to other types of hardships or deprivations. Si llevas un tiempo a pan y agua, intenta no pensar en ello y busca tu placer de otro modo. (If you spend some time deprived, try not to think about it and seek your pleasure in some other way.) Que con su pan se lo coma (roughly, let him eat it with his bread) is one way of expressing indifference to someones plight. I dont care, is a possible translation, although context can suggest many others. Hay muchos hoteles que no se permite la entrada con nià ±os. Quien elige un hotel para familias, que con su pan se lo coma. (There are many hotels that dont allow children. I dont have any sympathy for someone who picks a family-oriented hotel.) Ser pan comido (to be eaten bread) is to be extremely easy. Similar food phrases in English are to be a piece of cake or to be as easy as pie. Con nuestro software, recuperar un servidor de correo electà ³nico es pan comido. (With our software, restoring an email server is a piece of cake.) Someone born with a silver spoon in her mouth can be said to nacer con un pan bajo el brazo, born with a loaf of bread under her arm. El presidente no entiende  la gente. Fue nacido con un pan bajo el brazo. (The president doesnt understand the people. He was born born with a silver spoon in his mouth.) Pera (Pear) A candied pear, pera en dulce, is a thing or person that is widely seen as desirable. Mis padres terminaron de convertir su casa antigua en una pera en dulce. (My parents finished converting their old house into a gem.) If something is old, it is del aà ±o de la pera, from the year of the pear. No son compatibles con esta tà ©cnologà ­a, que es del aà ±o de la pera. (They arent compatible with this technology, which is as old as the hills.) Taco (Taco) Taco de ojo, meaning eye taco, is used primarily in Mexico and has a meaning similar to eye candy, especially when it refers to someone with sex appeal. As in the following sentence, it is often combined with the verb echar, which by itself usually means throw. Estas pelà ­culas de Netflix estn buenà ­simas para echarte un taco de ojo con los actores que salen. (These Netflix movies are excellent for tossing you eye candy with the actors who perform.) Trigo (Wheat) No ser trigo limpio, to not be clean wheat, is said of a person who is dishonest, creepy, shady, unreliable, or otherwise suspicious. The same phrase is used less frequently for things that seem suspicious or fishy. Recibà ­ un SMS de mi hermano: Cuidado con esa chica, no es trigo limpio. (I received a text message from my brother: Be careful with that girl. Shes bad news.) Uva (Grape) To have a bad grape, tener mala uva, is to be in a bad mood. The same can be said of someone with bad intentions. Tener mala leche (to have bad milk) can be used in the same way. La que tenà ­a mala uva era Patricia. (The one in a bad mood was Patricia.)

Assignment 3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

3 - Assignment Example Workers at the firm lack adequate knowledge to operate existing system. The available system takes time to update hence the limited labor supply would tend to ignore the protocol and use outdated data in analyzing the market. The other constraint relates to costs. This is caused by the firm’s inability to schedule and utilize their line of production. The external constraint relates to demand in that the firm’s complex system makes it impossible to anticipate demand and hence distracting production (Upton & Singh, 2007). The firm encountered major challenges due to these constraints. Sunsweet Growers was unable to meet the market demand. The available labor supply become rigid hence was unable to change with changing demand. There existed increased cost in inventory and production due to poor planning. The firm was unable to control administrative cost and outdated excel systems had a negative effect on the operation of the firm. The firm was forced to seek a third party in order to procure a new system to enable better operations. The system had high initial cost to the company as employees where retrained and cost of purchase was high. The firm also was forced to operate beyond its normal capacity (Upton & Singh, 2007). The constraint had an impact on the normal operation of the firms. The firm had to incur extra cost on inventory and production. Due to their inability to anticipate demand, the firm had to hire more workers to increase their demand. The seasonal demand associated with the firm’s line of production takes a toll during low season and the firm is then forced to disrupt production. The practice poses a major threat to the very existence of the firm. The firm risks incurring more cost both administrative and operational. Increased cost of production would mean the prices of their products are increased in order to match the cost. Customers would shy off the products and seek other

Tinas Restaurant Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tinas Restaurant - Case Study Example There exist a higher number of potential customers. The region also has a higher level of income with are being segmented to give room for her to issue variety while offering services. The diverse nature of Hamilton road in the city of London provides him with the opportunities to offer customers with a wide range of products. The threats come from his potential competitors who include Montana’s Cookhouse, Kelsey’s, and Boston Pizz. The other threat is the unpredictable nature of the customers with trends changing on consumer preference. As a new business Tina faces an uphill task in ensuring that she penetrates the market. The loyalty of customer in London city may make her face challenges while marketing the products to customers. Lack of a viable plan may affect Tina’s effort of penetrating the market and offering her customers better services than her potential competitors. The major competitors of Tina are including Montana’s Cookhouse, Kelsey’s, and Boston Pizz. Montana cookhouse owned by Cara operations Limited, provides the greatest competition to Tins. They boost of two products include the smokehouse rib and fresh Canadian AAA steaks. The restaurant is located in Hyde Park. It boost of 700 branches across Canada. The restaurant sales are estimated to be over $1m for the single unite and a system wide sale of $1.5 billion. They utilize their official website to market their products. The billboards are the other avenues the company has focused on in selling their products to the market. Among their services include customized services for the customers. They offer variety in their products. The other competitor in the line of business is the Boston Pizza. It is located north west of London town. They share a geographical location with Montana’s Cookhouse. Boston Pizza also boasts of a large market share with over 350 branches of the same restaurant across the country.

Khalifa tower in dubai Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Khalifa tower in dubai - Research Paper Example Located in the heart of Dubai, this building is considered one of the tallest structures in the world. (Lego Architecture, 2010) Emaar Properties PJSC was the chief promoter of this grand structure while the architects were Skidmore, Owings & Merill LLP (SOM), a company based in Chicago. (Lego Architecture, 2010) The two persons at the helm of this design were Adrian Smith and Bill Baker who were the architect and chief structural engineer respectively. The task of building the world’s tallest structure was entrusted to Owings & Merill because of their vast experience in creating such huge if not similar structures like the Seara Tower and the John Hancock Center. (Lego Architecture, 2010) Around 90 designers and engineers worked in close synergy to create this monumental piece which marvelled not only in size but also reflected the cultural and religious sentiment of the region. The Burj Khalifa at 828 metres infused a mix of modern 21st century architecture while still retaining the finer symbolic aspects of traditional Islamic architecture. Classified as a Supertall skyscraper, reflective glazing aluminium and textured stainless steel was used significantly while the construction was carried out using reinforced concrete and steel. The project began in 2004 and was completed by 2010. (Lego Architecture, 2010) There were more than 160 stories in this meteoric building with the floor area measured at 5.67 million square feet. The tower was inaugurated by His Highness Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum Vice President and Prime Minister of UAE and also the ruler of Dubai. (Lego Architecture, 2010) Owings and Merill LLP were shortlisted from among a team of five international competitors to work on the Burj Khalifa. To their credit the Haj Terminal at Jeddah Airport and the National Commercial bank were works that were created by Owings and Merill and which had a significant presence of Islamic architecture in its style. The

The Corporate Culture Of Apple Inc Business Essay

The Corporate Culture Of Apple Inc Business Essay Apple incorporation is todays one of the biggest if not the biggest organisation culture change trend master, in the past few years apple as being in the light of it totally perceive genius ways of getting thing done with a different, however Apples corporate culture is constantly changing as a result of changes to its leadership/CEO from time to time. To gain an in-depth understanding of this we must dwell into apple historical background, it pros and cons, and the possibility of future management. Therefore the empirical question would be what is the culture of Apple? What is culture? Culture has been describe by many authors, school of thoughts, theories to mention a few in relation to its conceptual usage,it has been described for example as the dominant values espoused by an organisation, the commonly held and relatively stable set of beliefs, attitudes, values and norms that exit throughout an organisation the basic assumption and beliefs that are share by member of an organisation. In recent time culture has been refer to as the way things are done around here. Lynch (2006, p.37) culture refers to the shared understandings and meanings of that members have concerning an organisation. Rather as individuals have distinctive personalities organisation have their own particular culture. Some will be friendly, relaxed and informal while others will be highly formal aloof and hostile. Also Drenna(1992).in senior.B (1997).p101)says culture is what typical of the organisation, the habits the prevailing attitudes, the grown up pattern of accepted and expected behaviou r . The main feature of culture is that even though there are many organisational differences there seem to be share understandings within them. Culture tends to build gradually in rational thinking of groups with the system which later forms a sub/dominant culture. Using Handy (1993) cultural model, handy opine that A culture cannot be precisely define, for it is something that is perceived, something felt handy (p. 191).however he pointed out the four type of culture in organisation which are explain in fig1.1. Type Metaphor Characteristics Power Culture A web Control from centre; political and entrepreneurial ,personal power serves the figure-head and the leader Role Culture The Greek Temple Classical structure; bureaucratic; role identity position power predominate, serves the structure Task culture A net Valued individual expertise and contribution focus on completing the job, both personal and position powers are important; high level of collaboration base on group unity. Person culture A cluster or galaxy Combine of a lose collection of individuals-pursuing own goal but share common facility, power not necessary a focus because members are experts in their own field. This culture serves the individual. Fig1.1 The four culture type highlights how power and control are utilized by organisation and of whose interest are they serving? certainly theres an element of power culture at Apple inc, as noted in the case study, Steve Jobs entrepreneurship style had giving way for personal ideology and more-or-less gain control over the system, he is characterise as Apple itself, the span of control and politic is also associated with Steve upon returning back in late 1990s, when he changed the culture back to the way its use to be when he was at the apex Apple. Also the Role culture could be link with eras of sculley, and other leaders who try to formalize the structure by imposing their own rule, neglecting the important of project groups, which is central to the Task culture even though individual expertise at Apple is crucial to its innovation the only existing collaboration is based on secrecy. A typical reflection of Apple is the individual culture we may say is the Person culture as different g eeks work tiredly to bring about a unique invention based on their expertise. According to, Van backer(case study p.10), ( Backer)an analyst at Gartner inc, noted when Apple goes out to hire somebody, the no 1 criteria isnt how much experience you have or who you know .its whether they think you will fit into the culture. Nevertheless the culture seems unique but can it function without structure, the leadership, performance and strategy? Ideally, we can communicate this by a thorough analysis of the model below; take note that the model is a non linear model as all the elements are inter-related and interdependent. Fig1.2 a culture relation model Structure Noticeable in the case study is the commentators reference to Apple as a Unique culture, analysts argued that Steve jobs the CEO of Apple is the best marketer in the world, but his leadership style suggest a different view. For instance secrecy is the pinnacle of Apples strategic marketing culture. Apple was known to appreciate and value its employee, it worth noting that whereas motivational theories such as B.F Skinner (1974), Mintberg (1979), have highlighted the importance of reward and value as the ideological stimuli that motivate individual to work, in contrast, at Apple any universal concept of motivation might not work, because of how apple justifies its reward system with a do or die culture. More so the structure at Apple Inc is becoming complex as it evolves into a different pattern over the years. FIG2 Hierarchy and Flat structure The above is an illustration of a standardize structure of organisation formulated by many scholars over the year to explain organizational functionality; the flat is more prominent to entrepreneurship, with suitable element of informal, charismatic ,and informal leadership quality but grapevine in nature while the other is ideal for a larger organisation. However, of all the supportive research is the work of Canadian academic, Henry Mintzberg. According to Mintzberg (1979) an organisational structure is the sum total of the way in which it divides its labour into distinct tasks and then achieve coordination between them. also structure is define as the established pattern of relationship between the components parts of an organisation, out lining both communication control and authority patterns .supportive to this also is Wilson and Rosenfeld(1990) explained that structure distinguishes the parts of an organisation and delineates the relationship between them. This is supported by Apples trend in organisation structure which is more complex than initially perceived, for instance Apple is seen as the pioneer of work hard play hard ethic. Equally important is the frequent changes in culture as different leaders tried to adopt a different approach to reorganise the structure, it is interesting that analyst said Apple adopted a style that was not too far too formal or hierarchical and that the approach was more result-driven. In ugly circumstances as a reference to the case study, any poor performance at Apple will not be consistent with its culture; it is important to say that any change in culture will resort in change in structure, however if the structure cannot survive without the culture then where do we inject the leadership style to bring about ultimate performance? Apple structure is neither hierarchy nor flat we could say its more of a hybrid or matrix unlike hierarchy which is prone to bureaucracy=read further according to Webber (1947),in his analysis of organisation he had identified the principle of bureaucracy as a continuous organisation that is bound by rules. Webber outline the importance of ideal bureaucracy to an organisation as positive and rational unlike the other which he described as domination as charismatic authority and traditional authority .mention adocrasy=read further Fig 2.1 A representation of Apples organisation formation structure. AGENT OF TRANSFORMATION Leadership as a concept has been an interesting centre piece to different fields of thought, to the ordinary man; a leader is just a symbolic head, but as a supportive element by theorists and analysts a definite category of classification; it is said the most important type of leaderships are of the following: the charismatic, the traditional, the situational, the appointed, the functional and the principle centred leader for the purpose of this essay we will look at leadership from management perspective, according Cole(2004), leadership is define as the following: leadership at work is a dynamic process whereby one individual in a group is not only responsible for the group results but actively seeks the collaboration and commitment of all the group members in a achieving group goals in a particular context and against the background of a particular national culture INNOVATORS The leadership style of Apple is highly represented by their iconic CEO Steve job that is highly regarded for his innovative, creative and marketing strategies. Using classification of leadership his style could be linked as the transformational leader which is characterised by the transformation of organisation, creativity and innovation with the purpose to engender commitment. However the simplicity of his approach could resort in the downfall of his perceived personality and organisational performance, for instance if this was ideal for the organisational culture then the question would be the sited instances of global workforce revolting against the culture of secretary used by Apple as an accepted way to move the company forward. If apple is to maintain its status quo as the number one most valued company in the world then it needs to engage itself in some form of leadership re orientation as over the past decade different management/leaders have tied to change the culture of ap ple and its structure only to head back to the starting point which is where they are today, Steve job certainly must be doing some right, concrete evidence suggest that Steve job must have outperformed his expectation to the board of management as emphasized in the case study. CONSTRAINTS the ripple effect of change of leaders/managers at Apple inc emphasis the need for change in culture, however this changes also brought about change in structure as each leader tries to implement his/her own ideology, arguable is the internal problem that apple faces from its reorganisation, for instance the appointment of Sculley who was credit for making Apple one of the biggest and fastest-growing corporation in the US.(case study p.5 ).A series of failure in the early 90s again brought another power shift when the board decided it time for leadership change and Micheal spindler was appointed in 1993 to replace Sculley, Spinder also fail to perform as expected ,Amelio could have being the one man that brought the last drastic change into apple because of his focus on Apple product line and workforce reduction but fail follow Apples corporate culture, once more Steve was back in business to turn things Around. A key point to his transformational leadership style, nevertheless it wo uld appear that the board were more interested in performance rather than leadership quality or style; however performance cannot be divorced from leadership. THE ACHIEVER Performance, theres no generalised definition of performance; it has being said that performance cannot be easily defined as you cannot measure or manage it. However few management researchers have noted the core different of performance from other fields in comparison to management sectors. Performance is more adapted to performance management day in day out, therefore performance could be agreed to be of relevance to situational changes. Armstrong and Baron (1998) define performance management as a strategic and integrated approach to delivering sustained success to organization by improving the performance of the people who work in them by developing the capability of team and individual who work in them.. Therefore, it provides avenue for knowledge on organizational objectives and goals and a spectrum to manage and train individual in order to achieve to such objectives Armstrong stress that performance is strategic because it is concern with broader issues facing organizational effectiveness. As evidence in the case study the market value of Apple against the backdrop of its financial performance over the years in Exhibit VIII, it is clear that in the past decade there being a major profit share in the company, more so recently Apple posted all time record revenue with increase earnings of 78 percent, as of July 2010. Apple posted record revenue of $15.7 billion and also quarterly profit of $3.25 billion,. Surely the share holders would be very pleased with the result. These results compare to workforce engagement and the strategy used to achieve result cannot be overlooked, Apple was known to appreciate its employees. It was consider a great place to work for people who are personate about what they did. (Case study p.3) also experts felt one of the key success to Apples performance is its ability to attract and retain key personnel in technical, marketing and staff positions Nevertheless financial performance in one comfort zone for the company identity externally but d oes this speak the same for the internal general audit of employee of Apple who work tirelessly for over 60hours to get this results out. Then how engaged are the staff of Apple incorporation. The unique culture of Apple which is base on the leadership style of one man approach: Steve jobs, can it survive after the exit of jobs. its plausible to say yes as jobs himself claim he had trained others to manage whenever he is no longer available, however the determination of each individual could result in systemic failure of the culture as every leader approach with a different goal setting. If the goal serve as the basis for motivation, and the goals are set by managers, industrial standard or base on negotiation, how then do you motivate individual, researchers noted that one can be motivated by target set against the others while you could be de-motivated by over pressured standard. levison(1972)highlights this in Asinine attitude towards motivation, in relation to reward or punishment to motivate workers, more so borrowing the work of Hygiene theory of motivation by Herzberg (1968),which he claim that the most important motivator or satisfier are Achievement Recognition Work itself Responsibility Advancement. While the following called hygiene factors or dissatisfies Company policy and administration. Supervision-the technical aspects. Salary. Interpersonal relations-supervision Working conditions. Herzberg pointed out that these factors were intrinsically related to the content of work, i.e. with intrinsic challenge, interest and the individual responses generated by them. If applied to Apple, how do we justify the working condition of staff who work for long hours to get the job done, or does the secrecy atmosphere bring about individual motivation or fear of punishment has whoever fail to comply to the culture is noticeably punished, the reward scheme in apple for those that come up with innovative technology like iphone, mac ipad could result in esteem of individual while the punishment approach on the other hand is detrimental to the public image of Apple as any failure leads to sacking individual or leakage of secret will automatically result in dismissal. Therefore we could say any universal concept of motivation might not work in Apple cooperate culture base on perceived punishment and reward of staff performance, thus Apple cooperate culture is zero experience and no stability of staff until now though it has worked for the company. Even though the strategy may be consider risky. Apple target young staff recruits with less commitment and more glory seeking rather than experience. However is worth saying the older generation are not mush expandable. This could be explain using Maslow (1956) Hierarchy of needs, which he associated the important of needs to motivate individual, starting from basic needs called physiological needs, follow by safety needs, then love needs, esteem needs, and self actualisation. He emphasis that as one needs is fulfil we move up to another. Goal setting (locke,shaw sari latham 1981)A change in goal will foreseen a better Apple as a company, for example Apple has always focus on improving on a previous product i.e. Iphone1,2,3..4.e.tc while not come up with something entirely different and innovative. Even though Apple came up with a micro palm device name ipad,it still relied entire on the old operating system which is gradually facing out as competition grows in the technology industry. Again the past ten years down the line Steve Jobs was back the in same job at the apex of the company after many failures of different managers at various stages of cultural development within Apple inc. even though Jobs is making money for apple for now the question is will same strategy that fails at the initial past decade in culture, work for the future? A do or die culture was Apples it it ideal for apple? For instance sculleyl tried for Apple for about five years, thus due to cultural strategy of sculley, the board got rid of him. At this juncture the answer would be it all depends on many factors conserving strategy culture and variable element to forecast the future.

Descartes Failure Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Descartes' Failure In his Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes strives first and foremost to provide an infallibly justified foundation for the empirical sciences, and second to prove the existence of God. I will focus on the first and second meditations in my attempt to show that, in his skepticism of the sources of knowledge, he fails to follow the rules he has set out in the Discourse on Method. First I claim that Descartes fails to draw the distinction between pure sensation and inference, which make up what he calls sensation, and then consider the consequences of this failure to follow his method. Second, I will show that in his treatment of thinking Descartes fails to distinguish between active and passive thinking. Although he succeeds in showing that he is aware of thinking (and therefore at least a passive thinker), from which it follows that he exists, it is possible that Descartes[1] is no more than a passive thinker. I claim that Descartes successfully shows that he exists, that â€Å"there is thinking going on,† and that thereby â€Å"there exists a thinking thing,† but Descartes’ ‘thinking’ may only be a passive awareness of thinking; he may be separate from the active thinker required by the fact that there is thinking-going-on.[2] I will argue that if this is the case, then Descartes doesn’t have free will. Without free will, Descartes can no longer prove the existence of God. As the foundation upon which he re-establishes his knowledge of the world depends on free will then, if my claim is true, Descartes does not succeed in finding a solid foundation for empirical knowledge, nor does he succeed in his secondary goal of proving the existenc e of God. I. Pure Sensation and Inference ... ...ur being active thinkers can be doubted, but only from a third person perspective, for doubting, itself presupposes active thinking. I have chosen to be charitable to Descartes, and allow him those acts, such as doubting, that could legitimately be performed from a third person perspective, so as to avoid undermining his entire account. [21] Descartes Selected Philosophical Writings Meditations on First Philosophy, p93 [22] ibid. p92 [23] Putnam, p7 [24] This sounds a lot like Berkeley’s suggestion that objects in the physical world continue to exist although we are not perceiving them because they are being perceived by God. [25] I will not discuss this claim further here, due to the length of this paper. [26] Descartes Selected Philosophical Writings Meditations on First Philosophy, p79 [27] ibid. p80

Aryan Brotherhood

ARYAN BROTHERHOOD Growing up most people has been part of a group, one way or another. Girls grew up being Girl scouts or Campfire girls, and boys had Boy scouts and baseball. Well, on that note, I remember having a pledge in Girls Scouts. Well the Aryan Brotherhood also has a pledge: â€Å"I will stand by my brother My brother will come before all others My life is forfeited should I fail my brother I will honor my brother in peace and war† They also live by the motto, â€Å"in for life and out by death. This Brotherhood take these words to heart, and will do anything for a brother whether they are in prisons, jails, or free on the street to handle affairs for others. The Aryan Brotherhood formed in 1964, by white inmates from the infamous San Quentin State Prison, in Northern California. January 16th, 1967 a Nazi prison-gang associate Robert Holderman was stabbed and then battered to death by Black Guerilla Family gang members at San Quentin prison. The very next day, Janua ry 17th, 1,800 black inmates and 1,000 white inmates clashed on the main yard at San Quentin prison over the death of Robert Holderman.The prison guards broke up the brawl by firing shots into the mass of inmates. One inmate suffered severe head trauma from the beating he received from opposing gang members. Two other inmates suffered non-fatal heart attacks. August 27th, 1967 nineteen-year-old Barry Byron Mills was arrested in Ventura, California and held for transfer to Sonoma County, where he had stolen a car. Sonoma County had issued an arrest warrant in his name for grand theft auto. On December 12th, that same year, Barry Mills requested and was denied probation.Instead he was sentenced to one year in the Sonoma County Jail. Within less than two months later on January 12th, 1968, Barry Mills and Buddy Coleman escaped from the Sonoma County Honor Farm. Of course this facility was not a jail or a prison, so there for very low security, with non-violent offenders. Mills’ realm of freedom did not last long, come February 17th, 1968 he was arrested in Windsor, California, and held on a warrant charging escape without force. On March 12th, 1968 Barry Mills was sentenced to one year and a day in prison for escape without force from the Sonoma County Jail.One year and a day later, Barry Mills was released from prison, March 13th, 1969. January 13th, 1970 in Soledad State Prison, Aryan Brotherhood leader Buzzard Harris, and along his side fellow Aryan Brotherhood members Smiley Hoyle, Harpo Harper and Chuko Wendekier. Siding with the Aryan Brotherhood where Mexican Mafia members Colorado Joe Ariaz, John Fanene, and Raymond Guerrero went to battle with Black Guerilla Family gang members on the exercise yard at Soledad prison. Tower guard Opie Miller opened fire with his high-powered rifle, killing Black Guerilla leader W.L. Nolen, Cleveland Edwards and Alvin Miller. Buzzard Harris the Aryan Brotherhood leader was wounded in the groin by one of the bullets that came from Opie Miller’s rifle. Once again Barry Mills could not stay out of trouble and Mills and William Hackworth were arrested after robbing a Stewarts Point convenience store in January 30th, 1970. Within a few days, Barry Mills was convicted of first-degree armed robbery after co-defendant William Hackworth testified for the prosecution against Mills. This time Mills was sentenced to 5 years to life in prison.Since the 1970’s, the Aryan Brotherhood has spread out across the states throughout many prisons. Many of them are in California such as, California State Prison at Corcoran, Pelican Bay, USP Marion, Folsom State Prison, California Institution for men in Chino to name a few. They also have the brotherhood thing going on here in Nevada at the High Desert State Prison. The Aryan Brotherhood are mainly concerned with White-Supremacy and self-protection from Black and Hispanic gangs. The recent conviction of four Aryan Brotherhood members in Santa Ana Califo rnia, was one the largest death penalty cases in U.S. history. This revealed an allegedly â€Å"ruthless† gang who regularly murdered those who opposed the system, growing so out of control that even its own ranking members could not consider themselves safe. The violent ordering of murders throughout the United States, whether inside the prisons or not is quite frightening. The Aryan Brotherhood has connections worldwide, and expect orders of any kind to be followed. In 1997 when Mafia don John Gotti was locked up, a man named Walter Johnson allegedly punched Gotti in the eye in an Illinois prison.John Gotti paid Barry Mills $500,000 to kill Johnson, who at the time was staying in a Colorado prison, Mills agreed. However Johnson got lucky, for the fact that Gotti died in prison in 2002. Although the Aryan Brotherhood was originally formed for the protection of whites against blacks in prison, the gang gradually moved to criminal activities such as murder. That was not good e nough or beneficial enough for this gang, so they strive to control the sale of drugs, gambling, and â€Å"punks†, or male prostitutes. According to sources, racial warfare comes in second to business.The Aryan Brotherhood has also carried out contract killings for the Mexican Mafia. April 21, 1972, Aryan Brotherhood members Fred Mendrin and Donald Hale murdered Fred Castillo by stabbing him to death at the Chino Institute for Men. Castillo was the leader of the Nuestra Familia gang, and Castillo was murdered as part of a contract with the Mexican Mafia. December 15, 1972 Fred Mendrin and Donald Hale where sentenced to life in prison for the murder of Fred Castillo. Racist beliefs prevent members form consorting with African Americans, including taking anything from a cigarette or even a candy bar from them.In 1973 the Aryan Brotherhood spreads into the federal prisons. Much more came with the merge to the federal prisons. In 2006 it was revealed in the recent murder trial of 4 Aryan Brotherhood members, that their communication included codes and cryptograms. Some of these techniques involved a 400 year old binary alphabet system invented by Sir Francis Bacon, concealing notes in mop handles and beneath rocks in the recreation yards. The Aryan Brotherhood also supposedly perfected the art of urnine-writing where one dips a Q-tip in some acidic substance such as citrus juice, urine or bleach and write with it making out the resulting words.These words stay invisible until they are exposed to direct heat, such as a match flame. Throughout the late 1970’s, many Brotherhood members went down for many different crimes such as bank robbery, and one member Little Joe O’Rourke, who opened fire on the El Camino Community College campus for opening up fire there, and was sentenced to seven years in prison. In 1978, Barry Mills is sentenced to 20 years in the federal prison for planning a bank robbery in Fresno, California. The bank was robber by th e Aryan Brotherhood in June of 1976. Although Barry Mills did not directly participate in the robbery, but he provided the blueprint for it.Barry Mills in 1979 murdered Aryan Brotherhood associate John Sherman Marzloff in the United States Prison Atlanta, Georgia. In 1980, the Aryan Brotherhood set up a commission to run the operations of all Aryan Brotherhood members. The commission was composed of three men. Ironically enough, Barry Mills assumed command of the commission. June 8, 1980, one of the Aryan Brotherhood associates was murdered his name was Robert Hogan. The order came directly from Barry Mills. In the same â€Å"gang† is one thing although when putting hits out and ordering murders on men of other organizations’, almost always there will be some kind of retaliation.September 27, 1982 Aryan Brotherhood Commissioner Thomas â€Å"Terrible Tom† Silverstein murdered Cadillac Smith, who was the leader of the D. C. Mob, at the United States Prison, Marion , Illinois. Now to retaliate, a couple of months later, Aryan Brotherhood member Neil Baumgarten was murdered by members of the D. C. Mob. Baumgarten’s murder was payback for the murder of Cadillac Smith. In January of 1983 another member of the brotherhood, Blinky Griffen was convicted of murdering T-Bone Gibson.Now the Aryan Brotherhood just do not stop at rival gangs, they murder their own also. In February of 1983 one month to the day, Aryan Brotherhood member Richard Barnes was murdered. The order to kill Barnes came from Aryan Brotherhood Councilman McKool Slocum. Again, September of 1983 Aryan Brotherhood associate Gregory Keefer was stabbed to death by another Aryan Brotherhood associate. http://www. splcenter. org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2005/fall/smashing-the-shamrock http://www. urbandictionary. com/define. php? term=Aryan%20Brotherhood

Indespensable man essays

Indespensable man essays Our first president, George Washington, was indispensable for a number of reasons. In the book, Washington The Indispensable Man, James Thomas Flexnor points out many of the reasons he is indispensable, such as the fact that he never quit, he let his slaves go, he wouldnt side with the British or the French, and he didnt accept being president for the third term. These points may not seem to show his indispensability, but if Washington wasnt our first president who knows where we would be right now (probably be speaking French or in tyranny). Washington was criticized for a lot of things he did, and he was also thanked for everything later. When he would get criticized for something he wouldnt quit or give in to what they want because they criticized him. During the Jay treaty Thomas Paine insults Washington in a peroration saying, As to you, sir, treacherous in private friendship (for so you have been to me and that in the day of danger) and a hypocrite in public life, the world will be puzzled to decide whether you are an apostate or an impostor; whether you abandoned good principles or whether you had any. pg.354. Even when all odds are against him in criticism he wouldnt even be phased, and stand his ground. When Jefferson said, he got into one of those passions when he cannot command himself, ran on much on the personal abuse which had been bestowed on him, defied any man on earth to produce one single act of his since he had been in the government which was not done on the purest motives. pg.295. Washington said, he would rather be in his grave than be in his present situation. That he had rather be on his farm than to be made emperor of the world, and yet that they were charging him with wanting to be king. pg.295. The most indispensable accomplishment of Washington ...

How to learn to listen to music, not just hear it

How to learn to listen to music, not just hear it To learn to listen to music, not just hear it. You need the right room, the right equipment, the perfect volume, the perfect spot, and (of course), the embracing of the music. After you have all the proper tools, you can sit and enjoy the music.The first consideration is to listen to music in a comfortable chair. I would highly recommend a good quality Lazy Boy recliner. Now, you need to find the best room to put that chair in, so you can listen to you music. The room can be any normal room with four walls but, the room can't be wide open. For example, it can't be an unfinished basement with concrete walls and a cement floor. The sound will not be able to bounce off the walls and give the effect as if the sound is coming from behind you, as well as in front of you (the surround effect).The lens of a compact disc drive and its associate...A good room to listen in, is a typical family room with sheet rock walls and four ninety degree corners.The second consideration is placement of spe akers. The corners of a room are the perfect spot for your speakers. You shouldn't position them flush against the wall, but put the back of the speaker into the corner, so each side of the speaker is against each wall. For this reason, the bass is extended (louder), and the tweeters, mid-range, and woofers give you their undivided attention.Where to sit is simple, but it takes some easy calculations to find the perfect spot. There is a common rule for a person to experience the full effect of the music. In order to do this, measure the distance between the two speaker cabinets. If the speaker's cabinets are placed twelve feet apart from each other, divide twelve feet...

Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of DNA Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of DNA - Lab Report Example DNA is the double stranded helical structure which carries the genetic information. The study of the DNA molecule will give us the details about life. DNA molecules can be extracted from the cell using the extraction techniques and they are then quantified using the agarose gel electrophoresis. The DNA fragment is separated in the Agarose based on the pore size (that is the concentration of the agarose), the voltage applied, the molecular size of the DNA molecule and the conformation of the DNA. The smaller molecules a move downwards in the gel faster than the larger molecules and the separation occurs based on the size of the DNA. If high voltage is applied, then the migration will be faster but the separation of the DNA fragments will not be clear. (Westermeier 2006). So, 110 volts for 30- 45 minutes is usually applied for the separation of the DNA fragments in the gel. The agarose gel electrophoresis of the DNA molecule showed distinct bands in the lanes 4,5 and 6 indicating that only a single DNA is present in the sample. Introduction: Doeoxy ribo nucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer consisting of base, sugar and a phosphate bond. The sugar is always deoxy- ribose in case of DNA and the base will be a purine or pyrimidine molecule: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine or Thymine. Phosphate molecule connects the two nucleosides. DNA is a covalently linked structure which is helical in shape. DNA is a double helical structure held together by the hydrogen bonds. DNA carries the genetic information. ... Since DNA are acidic in nature, they migrate towards the positive pole when exposed to an electric field. The pore sixe of agarose sieve is determined by the concentration of agarose. Agarose gels are made with a concentration varying from 0.7- 1.5%. DNA in a neutral solution is negatively charged. (Williamson and Campbell 1997). So if an electric field is applied to the DNA, it will move towards the anode pole from the cathode pole. Based on the fragment size, the rate of migration will be inversely proportional to the fragment size. The smaller fragments will move faster than the larger ones and the distance moved by the fragments are measured by using the molecular marker. Molecular marker is the standard DNA fragment sizes which act as the standards to measure the molecular weight of the DNA fragments. Thus by providing constant voltage into the agarose gel, we are able to separate the DNA fragments based on their molecular weight. (Westermeier 2006). Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of DNA is a very simple and reproducible technique. The mobility of the DNA molecule in neutral solution was independent of the size of the fragment but varied with the ionic strength .The DNA fragments of up to 40 kilo base pair can be separated using agarose gel electrophoresis. (Williamson and Campbell 1997). The DNA fragments get separated based on molecular size, the current applied, concentration of Agarose and the conformation of the DNA. Agarose is a copolymer containing 1,3-linked ?-D-galactose and 1,4-linked 3,6- anhydro-?-L-galactose linked together by the junction zones and joined by the hydrogen bonds. (Stellwagen 2009). A standard ladder is used to identify the size of the fragments. In

HEALTH LAW AND ETHICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

HEALTH LAW AND ETHICS - Essay Example Further, childhood obesity increases the children’s vulnerability to cardiovascular diseases. The major cause of childhood obesity, being consumption of foods with high levels of calories, however induces both legal and ethical concerns. This is because different stakeholders such as the government, the fast food industry, and parents have a responsibility to protect children from the identified health risk factors. The government should for example enact strict laws to regulate level of calories in produced foods while the industry should outline ethical measures for protecting children. Judicial implementation of the regulations would greatly solve the childhood obesity issue. The opinion that public health has currently thrived more that in old days is true and consistent with the high living standard that has led to higher life expectancy. Such developments in public health are however attributable to public health policies that are legally formulated and enforced to ensure that individuals right to life is protected by the government. Established legal measures and ethical standards in public health have also ensured immediate and adequate